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Pornographic magazines, sometimes known as adult, sex or top-shelf magazines, are magazines that contain content of an explicitly sexual nature. Publications of this kind may contain images of attractive naked subjects, as is the case in softcore pornography,〔 and, in the usual case of hardcore pornography, depictions of masturbation, oral or anal sex, or intercourse.〔 They primarily serve to stimulate sexual arousal, and are often used as an aid to masturbation.〔 Some magazines are general in their content, while others may be more specific and focus on a particular pornographic niche, part of the anatomy, or model characteristics.〔 Examples include ''Asian Babes'' which focuses on Asian women, or ''Leg Show'' which concentrates on women's legs. Well-known adult magazines include ''Playboy'', ''Penthouse'' and ''Hustler''. Magazines may also carry articles on topics including cars, humor, science, computers, culture and politics. With the continued progression of print media to digital, retailers have also had to evolve. Apple's Newsstand is a popular version of this, but as they don't allow pornographic material, specific digital newsstands for pornographic magazines exist. == History == Pornographic magazines form a part of the history of erotic depictions. It is a form for the display and dissemination of these materials. In 1880, halftone printing was used to reproduce photographs inexpensively for the first time. The invention of halftone printing took pornography and erotica in new directions at the beginning of the 20th century. The new printing processes allowed photographic images to be reproduced easily in black and white, whereas printers were previously limited to engravings, woodcuts and line cuts for illustrations. This was the first format that allowed pornography to become a mass market phenomena, it now being more affordable and more easily acquired than any previous form.〔 First appearing in France, the new magazines featured nude (often, burlesque actresses were hired as models) and semi-nude photographs on the cover and throughout; while these would now be termed softcore, they were quite shocking for the time. The publications soon either masqueraded as "art magazines" or publications celebrating the new cult of naturism, with titles such as ''Photo Bits'', ''Body in Art'', ''Figure Photography'', ''Nude Living'' and ''Modern Art for Men.''〔 The British magazine ''Health & Efficiency'' (now ''H&E naturist'', often known simply as "''H&E''") was first published in 1900, and began to include articles about naturism in the late 1920s. Gradually, this material came to dominate - particularly as other magazines were taken over and absorbed. At times in its post-WWII history, ''H&E'' has catered primarily to the soft-porn market. Another early form of pornography were comic books known as Tijuana bibles that began appearing in the U.S. in the 1920s and lasted until the publishing of glossy colour men's magazines commenced. These were crude hand drawn scenes often using popular characters from cartoons and culture. In the 1940s, the word "pinup" was coined to describe pictures torn from men's magazines and calendars and "pinned up" on the wall by U.S. soldiers in World War II. While the 1940s images focused mostly on legs, by the 1950s, the emphasis shifted to breasts. Betty Grable and Marilyn Monroe were two of the most popular pinup models. Marilyn Monroe continued to be a popular model for the men's magazines in the 1950s. The 1950s saw the rise of the first mass-market softcore pornographic magazines: ''Modern Man'' in 1952 and ''Playboy'' in 1953.〔Kimmel, p.105〕 Hugh Hefner's ''Playboy'' started a new style of the men's glossy magazine (or girlie magazine). Hefner coined the term centrefold, and in the first edition of his ''Playboy'' used a photograph of a nude Marilyn Monroe, despite her objections. Another term that became popular with ''Playboy'' readers was the "Playboy Playmate". These new-style magazines featured nude or semi-nude women, sometimes simulating masturbation, although their genitals or pubic hair were not actually displayed. In 1963, ''Lui'' started in France to compete against ''Playboy'', while Bob Guccione did the same in the United Kingdom in 1965 with ''Penthouse''. ''Penthouse's'' style was different to other magazines; with women looking indirectly at the camera, as if they were going about their private idylls. This change of emphasis influenced erotic depictions of women. ''Penthouse'' was also the first magazine to publish pictures that included pubic hair and full frontal nudity, both of which were considered beyond the bounds of the erotic and in the realm of pornography at the time. In 1965, ''Mayfair'' was launched in the UK in competition to ''Playboy'' and ''Penthouse''. In September 1969 ''Penthouse'' was launched in the U.S., bringing new competition to ''Playboy''.〔 In order to retain its market share ''Playboy'' followed ''Penthouse'' in the display of pubic hair, risking obscenity charges, and launching the "Pubic Wars".〔 As competition between the two magazines escalated, their photos became increasingly more explicit.〔 In the late 1960s, some magazines began to move into more explicit displays often focusing on the buttocks as standards of what could be legally depicted and what readers wanted to see. By the 1970s magazines containing images of the pubic area became increasingly common. Paul Raymond launched in the UK ''Men Only'' in 1971, and then ''Club International'' in 1972. ''Playboy'' was the first to clearly show visible pubic hair in January 1971. The first full frontal nude centerfold was ''Playboy's'' Miss January 1972. In 1974, Larry Flynt first published ''Hustler'' in the US, which contained more explicit material. Some researchers have detected increasingly violent images in magazines like ''Playboy'' and ''Penthouse'' over the course of the 1970s, with them then returning to their more upscale style by the end of the decade.〔Kimmel, p.98〕 Paul Raymond Publications launched ''Escort'' in 1980 in the UK, ''Razzle'' in 1983 and ''Men's World'' in 1988. Sales of pornographic magazines in the U.S. have declined significantly since 1979,〔Kimmel, p.116〕 with a nearly 50% reduction in circulation between 1980 and 1989.〔Kimmel, p.123〕 The fact that the U.S. incidence of rape has increased over the same period has cast doubt on any correlation between magazine sales and sex crimes.〔Kimmel, p.122〕 Studies from the mid 80s to the early 90s nearly all confirmed that pornographic magazines contained significantly less violent imagery than pornographic films.〔 In the 1990s, magazines such as ''Hustler'' began to feature more hardcore material such as sexual penetration, lesbianism and homosexuality, group sex, masturbation, and fetishes.〔〔〔 In the late 1990s and 2000s the pornographic magazines market declined, as they were challenged by new "Lad mags" such as ''FHM'' and ''Loaded'', which featured softcore photos.〔 The availability of pornographic DVDs and above all internet pornography also led to a decline in magazine sales.〔〔 Many magazines developed their own websites which also show pornographic films.〔 Despite falling sales, the top-selling U.S. adult magazines still maintain high circulations compared to most mainstream magazines, and are amongst the top-selling magazines of any type.〔 Paul Raymond Publications dominates the British adult magazine market today, distributing eight of the ten top selling adult magazines in the UK.〔 There were about 100 adult magazine titles in the UK in 2001.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「pornographic magazine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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